PRESENTE

First Conditional

First Conditional: real possibility

We are talking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition or situation in the future, and the result of this condition. There is a real possibility that this condition will happen. For example, it is morning. You are at home. You plan to play tennis this afternoon. But there are some clouds in the sky. Imagine that it rains. What will you do?

IF	condition	result
	present simple	WILL + base verb
If	it rains	I will stay at home.

Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. It is not raining yet. But the sky is cloudy and you think that it could rain. We use the present simple tense to talk about the possible future condition. We use WILL + base verb to talk about the possible future result. The important thing about the first conditional is that there is a real possibility that the condition will happen. Here are some more examples (do you remember the two basic structures: [IF condition result] and [result IF condition]?):

IF	condition	result
	present simple	WILL + base verb
If	I see Mary	I will tell her.
If	Tara is free tomorrow	he will invite her.
If	they do not pass their exam	their teacher will be sad.
If	it rains tomorrow	will you stay at home?
If	it rains tomorrow	what will you do?

 

result	IF	condition
WILL + base verb		present simple
I will tell Mary	if	I see her.
He will invite Tara	if	she is free tomorrow.
Their teacher will be sad	if	they do not pass their exam.
Will you stay at home	if	it rains tomorrow?
What will you do	if	it rains tomorrow?

 

Sometimes, we use shall, can, or may instead of will, for example: If you are good today, you can watch TV tonight.

 

Introduction

The first conditional (also called conditional type 1) is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the future. This page will explain how the first conditional is formed, and when to use it.

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1. The structure of a first conditional sentence

A first conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause:

if clause	main clause
If you study hard,	you will pass the test.

If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma:

main clause	if clause
You will pass the test	if you study hard.

We use different verb forms in each part of a first conditional:

main clause	if clause
You will pass the test	if you study hard.

2. Using the first conditional

The first conditional is used to talk about things which are possible in the present or the future — things which may happen:

Example	Explanation
If it's sunny, we'll go to the park.	Maybe it will be sunny — that's possible.
Paula will be sad if Juan leaves.	Maybe Juan will leave — that's possible.
If you cook the supper, I'll wash the dishes.	Maybe you will cook the supper — that's possible.

When you are sure that you understand the lesson, you can continue with the exercises.

First Conditional

Expressa situações ou ações possíveis ou prováveis de acontecerem no futuro.

ESTRUTURA VERBAL DA FIRST CONDITIONAL: if + simple present + simple future

If it doesn't rain, I will go to the beach. (Se não chover, irei para praia.) If I have money, I will buy a car. (Se eu tiver dinheiro, comprarei um carro.)

He won't have money to travel if he loses his job.
(Ele não terá dinheiro para viajar se perder o emprego.)

We will travel to USA if we get a visa. (Viajaremos para os Estados Unidos se conseguirmos o visto.)

If she takes a taxi, she'll get there in time. (Se ela pegar um táxi, chegará lá a tempo.) If it is rainy, I won't go. (Se estiver chuvoso, não irei.)

If he leaves work early, he will have time to eat before class.
(Se ele sair do trabalho mais cedo, terá tempo de comer antes da aula.)

Will you go if it rains? (Você irá se chover?)

OBSERVAÇÃO: Na oração com if, não há will: If I am late, I'll phone. (NOT If I will be late, ...)

- É possível o uso do imperativo na oração principal para dar instruções, aconselhar ou ainda falar sobre possibilidades no futuro, caso a condição expressa se cumpra. A estrutura é a seguinte:

if + simple present + imperativo ou modal

Exemplos:

If you want to come with us, put on your sweater. (Se você quer vir com a gente, ponha seu blusão.)

If you like pizza, we could make one this evening. (Se você gosta de pizza, nós poderíamos fazer uma essa noite.)

Call a doctor if you feel sick. (Ligue para um médico se você se sentir mal.)

Na oração com if, pode também ocorrer um modal verb:

If you can't come, please phone. (Se você não puder vir, por favor telefone.)

 

Second Conditional

Second Conditional: unreal possibility or dream

The second conditional is like the first conditional. We are still thinking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition in the future, and the result of this condition. But there is not a real possibility that this condition will happen. For example, you do not have a lottery ticket. Is it possible to win? No! No lottery ticket, no win! But maybe you will buy a lottery ticket in the future. So you can think about winning in the future, like a dream. It's not very real, but it's still possible.

IF	condition	result
	past simple	WOULD + base verb
If	I won the lottery	I would buy a car.

Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. We use the past simple tense to talk about the future condition. We use WOULD + base verb to talk about the future result. The important thing about the second conditional is that there is an unreal possibility that the condition will happen.
Here are some more examples:

IF	condition	result
	past simple	WOULD + base verb
If	I married Mary	I would be happy.
If	Ram became rich	she would marry him.
If	it snowed next July	would you be surprised?
If	it snowed next July	what would you do?

 

result	IF	condition
WOULD + base verb		past simple
I would be happy	if	I married Mary.
She would marry Ram	if	he became rich.
Would you be surprised	if	it snowed next July?
What would you do	if	it snowed next July?

 

Sometimes, we use should, could or might instead of would, for example: If I won a million dollars, I could stop working.

Second conditional

The Second Conditional is used to talk about 'impossible' situations.

• If we were in London today, we would be able to go to the concert in Hyde Park.
• If I had millions dollars, I'd give a lot to charity.
• If there were no hungry people in this world, it would be a much better place.
• If everyone had clean water to drink, there would be a lot less disease.

Note that after I / he/ she /it we often use the subjunctive form 'were' and not 'was'. (Some people think that 'were' is the only 'correct' form but other people think 'was' is equally 'correct' .)

• If she were happy in her job, she wouldn't be looking for another one.
• If I lived in Japan, I'd have sushi every day.
• If they were to enter our market, we'd have big problems.

Note the form 'If I were you' which is often used to give advice.

• If I were you, I'd look for a new place to live.
• If I were you, I'd go back to school and get more qualifications.

The Second Conditional is also used to talk about 'unlikely' situations.

• If I went to China, I'd visit the Great Wall.
• If I was the President, I'd reduce taxes.
• If you were in my position, you'd understand.

Note that the choice between the first and the second conditional is often a question of the speaker's attitude rather than of facts. Compare these examples. Otto thinks these things are possible, Peter doesn't.

• Otto – If I win the lottery, I'll buy a big house.
• Peter – If I won the lottery, I'd buy a big house.
• Otto – If I get promoted, I'll throw a big party.
• Peter – If I got promoted, I'd throw a big party.
• Otto – If my team win the Cup, I'll buy champagne for everybody.
• Peter – If my team won the Cup, I'd buy champagne for everybody.

Note that the 'If clause' can contain the past simple or the past continuous.

• If I was still working in Brighton, I would commute by train.
• If she were coming, she would be here by now.
• If they were thinking of selling, I would want to buy.

Note that the main clause can contain 'would' 'could' or 'might.

• If I had the chance to do it again, I would do it differently.
• If we met up for lunch, we could go to that new restaurant.
• If I spoke to him directly, I might be able to persuade him.

Also note that sometimes the 'if clause' is implied rather than spoken.

• What would I do without you? ("if you weren't here")
• Where would I get one at this time of night? ("if I wanted one")
• He wouldn't agree. ("if I asked him")

exercise 1

exercise 2

exercise 3

exercise 4

exercise 5

exercise 6

Match up the parts of the sentence

1. If I lost my job,
a)	we'd both benefit.
b)	I'd have a lot of problems getting another one.
c)	you'd be more aware of what people really felt.
d)	we wouldn't be so behind technologically.
2. If I were in your position,
a)	I'd resign rather than wait to be sacked.
b)	I'd have a lot of problems getting another one.
c)	you'd be more aware of what people really felt.
d)	we wouldn't be so behind technologically.
3. If I spoke Japanese as well as you do,
a)	I'd resign rather than wait to be sacked.
b)	I'd try to find a job with one of the Japanese banks.
c)	we'd both benefit.
d)	we wouldn't be so behind technologically.
4. If we spent more on Research and Development,
a)	I'd resign rather than wait to be sacked.
b)	I'd have a lot of problems getting another one.
c)	I'd try to find a job with one of the Japanese banks.
d)	we wouldn't be so behind technologically.
5. If you spoke less and listened more,
a)	I'd resign rather than wait to be sacked.
b)	I'd have a lot of problems getting another one.
c)	I'd try to find a job with one of the Japanese banks.
d)	you'd be more aware of what people really felt.
6. If you spent more time on your own problems and a bit less on mine,
a)	I'd resign rather than wait to be sacked.
b)	I'd have a lot of problems getting another one.
c)	we'd both benefit.
d)	I'd try to find a job with one of the Japanese banks.
7. If we controlled our expenses a bit better,
a)	I'd resign rather than wait to be sacked.
b)	I'd have a lot of problems getting another one.
c)	we'd save a lot of money.
d)	I'd try to find a job with one of the Japanese banks.
8. If you invested some time into learning how the Internet works,
a)	you'd find that it could really help you in your job.
b)	I'd have a lot of problems getting another one.
c)	we wouldn't be so behind technologically.
d)	I'd try to find a job with one of the Japanese banks.
9. If we opened an office in Tokyo,
a)	we wouldn't be so behind technologically.
b)	you'd be more aware of what people really felt.
c)	I'd be interested in working there.
d)	we'd both benefit.
10. If you didn't take the job,
a)	you'd regret it later.
b)	you'd be more aware of what people really felt.
c)	we wouldn't be so behind technologically.
d)	I'd try to find a job with one of the Japanese banks.

First, Second,
& Third Conditional

This analysis of conditional verb forms was written by Rob De Decker, who teaches English at a Flemish grammar school (equivalent to an American high school) in Schellebelle, Belgium. It is used here with his permission.

Conditional Clause and Main Clause

If I have enough money, conditional clause	I will go to Japan.     main clause
I will go to Japan, main clause	if I have enough money     conditional clause

First, Second, and Third Conditional

1. First conditional:	If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
2. Second conditional:	If I had enough money, I would go to Japan.
3. Third conditional:	If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Japan.

Conditional clause	Main clause
1. If + Present Tense	will + inf / present tense / imperative
If you help me with the dishes (if + pres), I will help you with your homework. (will + inf) If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by three, the number is divisible by three (Pres. tense) If you see Mr Fox tonight, tell him I am ill. (imperative).
2. If + Past Tense	would + inf
3. If + Past Perfect Tense	would have + past participle
We do not normally use will or would in the conditional clause, only in the main clause.

Uses of the Conditional

1. First conditional
   1. Nature: Open condition, what is said in the condition is possible.
   2. Time: This condition refers either to present or to future time.
      e.g. If he is late, we will have to go without him.
      If my mother knows about this, we are in serious trouble.
   
   
2. Second conditional
   1. Nature: unreal (impossible) or improbable situations.
   2. Time: present; the TENSE is past, but we are talking about the present, now.
      e.g. If I knew her name, I would tell you.
      If I were you, I would tell my father.
      Compare: If I become president, I will change the social security system. (Said by a presidential candidate)
      If I became president, I would change the social security system. (Said by a schoolboy: improbable)
      If we win this match, we are qualified for the semifinals.
      If I won a million pounds, I would stop teaching. (improbable)
   
   
3. Third conditional
   1. Nature: unreal
   2. Time: Past (so we are talking about a situation that was not so in the past.)
      e.g. If you had warned me, I would not have told your father about that party.(But you didn't, and I have).

Remember!

1. The conditional construction does not normally use will or would in if-clauses. EXCEPTION: If will or would express willingness, as in requests, they can be used in if-clauses.

e.g. If you will come this way, the manager will see you now.
I would be grateful if you would give me a little help.
(= ± please, come this way; please, give me...)

2. For the second conditional, were replaces was:

If I were a rich man...

3. After if, we can either use "some(-one, -where...)" or "any(-one, -where...).

If I have some spare time next weekend....or :
If I have any spare time...

4. Instead of if not, we can use unless.

e.g. I'll be back tomorrow unless there is a plane strike.
He'll accept the job unless the salary is too low.

5.There is a "mixed type" as well, for the present results of an unreal condition in the past:

If + Past Perfect - would + inf.
If you had warned me [then], I would not be in prison [now].

Third Conditional: no possibility

The first conditional and second conditionals talk about the future. With the third conditional we talk about the past. We talk about a condition in the past that did not happen. That is why there is no possibility for this condition. The third conditional is also like a dream, but with no possibility of the dream coming true.
Last week you bought a lottery ticket. But you did not win. :-(

	condition	result
	Past Perfect	WOULD HAVE + Past Participle
If	I had won the lottery	I would have bought a car.

Notice that we are thinking about an impossible past condition. You did not win the lottery. So the condition was not true, and that particular condition can never be true because it is finished. We use the past perfect tense to talk about the impossible past condition. We use WOULD HAVE + past participle to talk about the impossible past result. The important thing about the third conditional is that both the condition and result are impossible now.

Sometimes, we use should have, could have, might have instead of would have, for example: If you had bought a lottery ticket, you might have won.

Look at some more examples in the tables below:

IF	condition	result
	past perfect	WOULD HAVE + past participle
If	I had seen Mary	I would have told her.
If	Tara had been free yesterday	I would have invited her.
If	they had not passed their exam	their teacher would have been sad.
If	it had rained yesterday	would you have stayed at home?
If	it had rained yesterday	what would you have done?

 

result	IF	condition
WOULD HAVE + past participle		past perfect
I would have told Mary	if	I had seen her.
I would have invited Tara	if	she had been free yesterday.
Their teacher would have been sad	if	they had not passed their exam.
Would you have stayed at home	if	it had rained yesterday?
What would you have done	if	it had rained yesterday?

The third conditional (also called conditional type 3) is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the past. This page will explain how the third conditional is formed, and when to use it.

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The structure of a third conditional sentence

Like the other conditionals, a third conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an "if" clause and a main clause:

if clause	main clause	explanation
If I had studied harder,	I would have passed the exam.	I failed the exam, because I didn't study hard enough.

If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma:

main clause	if clause
I probably would have passed the exam	if I had studied harder.

We use different verb forms in each part of a third conditional:

if clause	if + subject + past perfect verb*
main clause	subject + would (OR could, OR might) have + past participle

*The past perfect is formed with the auxiliary verb "had", and the past participle (or third form) of the verb.
Note also that third conditional forms can be contracted:

Full form	If I had studied harder, I probably would have passed the exam.
Contracted form	If I'd studied harder, I probably would've passed the exam.

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Using the third conditional

The third conditional is used to talk about things which DID NOT HAPPEN in the past. If your native language does not have a similar construction, you may find this a little strange, but it can be very useful. It is often used to express criticism or regret:

Example	Explanation
If you had driven more carefully, you would not have had an accident.	Criticism: You had an accident because you didn't drive carefully enough.
If we had played a little better, we could have won the game.	Regret: We didn't play well, so we lost the game.
If you had saved your money, you could have bought a computer.	Criticism: You didn't save your money, so now you can't afford a computer.
If it had snowed, we could have gone skiing.	Regret: It didn't snow, so we couldn't go skiing.

PATTERN:


3rd Conditionals are used for hypothetical events that did not happen

The third conditional talk about the past. We talk about a condition in the past that did not happen. That is why there is no possibility for this condition. The third conditional is also like a dream, but with no possibility of the dream coming true.

a.   If + past perfect + would have + past participle = for unreal past situations


Example:   If I had known you were here, I would have brought your files.

b.   If + past perfect + could / might have + past participle

Example:   If there had been another train to Tokyo, Aira might have arrived on time to the meeting.


Execise A:   Which is the implied meaning of each clause. Write T (true) or F (false). First is
                  already done.

1.   If you had done your homework, you would have known the answer.

__F__ a.   You have done your homework.
__T__ b.   You didn't know the answer.

2.   We wouldn't have missed the bus if it had been a few minutes left.

_____ a.   We missed the bus.
_____ b.   The bus was a few minutes late.

3.   If I hadn't save enough money, I wouldn't have been able to go to the U.S.

_____ a.   I didn't save enough money.
_____ b.   I wasn't able to go to the U.S.

Execise B:   Put the verbs in the right tense.

1.   My friend didn't go with us. If she _____ (go) with us, she _____ (take) lots of pictures.

2.   I didn't like Mike. If he _____ (be) nicer, I _____ (like) him.

3.   My partner spends all the money she earns. If she _____ (save) some money, she _____
      (go) to Canada.

4.   I _____(not ask) you to join us If _____ (know) about the accident.

5.   Why didn't you tell me? If you _____ (tell) me, I_____ (lend) you my camera.

6.   Mary was afraid of dogs. If she _____ (not be) afraid of dogs, she _____ (come) with us.


Execise C:   Change the sentences into 3rd Conditional.


Example:

I didn't know you were coming, I didn't wait.
If I had known you were coming, I would have waited.

1.   I wanted you to keep me company. I asked.

2.   I didn't learn Spanish. I didn't want to go to the Spain institute.

3.   I didn't have a better grade. I didn't work hard.

4.   I bought some expensive clothes. I am out of money.

PAST SIMPLE: #REGULAR AND #IRREGULAR

ATUALIZANDO... UPDATING...

O Simple Past descreve uma ação que já ocorreu e que não ocorre mais. A ação teve início e fim no passado. No Simple Past o verbo não é flexionado em nenhuma pessoa, repetindo-se em todas elas.

Verbos Regulares - Regular Verbs

Primeiramente iremos estudar o Simple Past dos verbos regulares que, de um modo geral, é formado acrescentando -d ou -ed ao infinitivo dos verbos. Observe a tabela abaixo:

- FORMA AFIRMATIVA:

I	workedyesterday
You	worked yesterday
He	worked yesterday
She	worked yesterday
It	worked yesterday
We	worked yesterday
You	worked yesterday
They	workedyesterday

- PARTICULARIDADES DA ORTOGRAFIA DO SIMPLE PAST:

1. Os verbos terminados em e recebem apenas a letra -d ao infinitivo do verbo. Veja alguns  exemplos abaixo:

hope - hoped

change - changed

like - liked

behave - behaved

lie - lied

live - lived

love - loved

arrive - arrived

invite - invited

snore - snored

2. Se o verbo tiver uma única sílaba ou terminar em sílaba tônica formada por consoante/vogal/consoante, dobra-se a última consoante e acrescenta-se -ed:

stop - stopped

permit - permitted

occur - occurred

rob - robbed

admit - admitted

prefer - preferred

omit - omitted

control - controlled

drop - dropped

plan - planned

shop - shopped

OBSERVAÇÃO: No Inglês Britânico, se o verbo termina com a letra "L", dobra-se essa consoante mesmo que a última sílaba não seja tônica. travel - travelled rival - rivalled

3. Os verbos terminados em y precedido de consoante trocam o y por -ied:

study - studied

carry - carried

worry - worried

try - tried

hurry - hurried

cry - cried

OBSERVAÇÃO: Quando o y for precedido de vogal, não há mudança ortográfica, bastando apenas acrescentar -ed ao verbo: pray - prayed enjoy - enjoyed obey - obeyed play - played

4. Os verbos terminados em consoante/vogal/consoante cuja sílaba tônica não é a última não dobram a consoante, apenas recebem -ed:

listen - listened

develop - developed

open - opened

fasten - fastened

suffer - suffered

visit - visited

wonder - wondered

offer - offered

35 Troublesome Irregular Verbs

35 Troublesome Irregular Verbs

by Mark Nichol

In English, many verbs adapt simply to the past tense with the attachment of either -d or -ed, as in walk/walked or brake/braked. These are called regular verbs.

Many other verbs, however, undergo more significant alterations to transform from references to present-tense actions to those representing actions performed in the past. Such words are called irregular verbs.

The simple past, the tense form that describes what has previously occurred, is fairly straightforward once one assimilates the forms for each irregular verb. But complications set in when the past participle — a verb assisted by an auxiliary verb, or a past-tense form of the verb to be — is employed.

Some past-participle forms are easily distinguished from their simple-past counterparts, as in the case of ate/eaten, for example, or saw/seen (“I ate already”/“I had eaten already”; “We saw the movie”/“We had seen the movie”). Others, however, often literally give writers pause. Many of them are presented below in sample sentences with simple-past usage for comparison:

1.
“A problem arose.”
“A problem had arisen.”
2.
“They beat the odds.”
“They had beaten the odds.”
3.
“She bore it well.”
“She had borne it well.”
4.
“He broke the record.”
“He had broken the record.”
5.
“My friend drank three beers already.”
“My friend had drunk three beers already.”
6.
“You forsook us.”
“You had forsaken us.”
7.
“The boy hid the ball.”
“The boy had hidden the ball.”
8.
“I lay on the floor for a moment.”
“I had lain on the floor for a moment.”
9.
“We rode far.”
“We had ridden far.”
10.
“The phone rang.”
“The phone had rung.”
11.
“She rose to the occasion.”
“She had risen to the occasion.”
12.
“She sang.”
“She had sung.”
13.
“He shook it loose.”
“He had shaken it loose.”
14.
“The shirt shrank when I dried it.”
“The shirt had shrunk when I dried it.”
15.
“We strode along merrily the entire way.”
“We had stridden along merrily the entire way.”
16.
“The team strove to come back from behind.”
“The team had striven to come back from behind.”
17.
“I swore that I had not taken it.”
“I had sworn that I had not taken it.”
18.
“They swam to the other end and back.”
“They had swum to the other end and back.”
19.
“He took her back home.”
“He had taken her back home.”
20.
“My sister tore the paper up.”
“My sister had torn the paper up.”
Hanged and Hung
The past-participle form of hang is a special case. When referring to an object, hung is employed for both simple past and past participle:
21.
“They hung the stockings with great care.”
“They had hung the stockings with great care.”
In reference to execution by hanging, however, hanged is often (but not always) used in both forms:
“The horse thief was summarily hanged.”
“The horse thief had been summarily hanged.”
Hung in the latter sense is more likely to appear in a more casual context, as in a jocular usage or when referring to hanging in effigy:
“I’ll be hung by my feet over an open fire if I don’t finish this in time.”
Choices
Many other verbs offer writers alternative forms for past tense, past-participle tense, or both:
22.
“I awaked (or awoke or awakened) to a deafening hum.”
“I had awoken (or awaked or awakened) to a deafening hum.”
23.
“She forgot to call back.”
“She had forgotten (or forgot) to call back.”
24.
“The swimmer quickly dove (or dived) into the pool.”
“The swimmer had quickly dived into the pool.”
25.
“I got nothing in return.”
“I had gotten (or got) nothing in return.”
26.
“She lighted (or lit) another cigarette.”
“She had lit (or lighted) another cigarette.”
27.
“He proved that I was right.”
“He had proven (or proved) me right.”
28.
“The boat sank.”
“The boat had sunk (or sank).”
29.
“She showed him the door.”
“She had shown (or showed) him the door.”
30.
“The medallion shined (or shone) in the sunlight.”
“The medallion had shone (or shined) in the sunlight.”
31.
“I sneaked (or snuck) out last night.”
“I had snuck (or sneaked) out last night.”
32.
“The tiger sprang (or sprung) noiselessly.”
“The tiger had sprung noiselessly.”
33.
“The car’s interior stank (or stunk) of stale fast food.”
“The car’s interior had stunk of stale fast food.”
34.
“My dog waked (or woke) me up.”
“My dog had woken (or waked) me up.”
35.
“My aunt weaved (or wove) the scarf.”
“My aunt had woven (or weaved) the scarf.”